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The conspiracy against the republic was instigated by
different sectors: the monarchists that maintained contacts
with the military ones after the frustrated blow of
Sanjurjo, the falangists, Carlist and some sectors of
it GIVES it. An important group of high positions of
the army grouped in the Spanish Military Union and they
organized the conspiracy (Goded, Cabanellas, Mola, Francisco
Franco…).
The murder the 13 of Julio of 1936 of Bald José
Sotelo caused that the plotters began the rebellion
following the plans of Mola. The 17 of Julio in eves
of the foreseen date took Melilla and the whole Moroccan
protectorate and the following day Franco it flew from
Canaries to Morocco and he/she took the control of the
army of África.
Sanjurjo that will lead the rebellion died in an air
accident and Mola it planned and it coordinated the
actions from Pamplona. The government that had separated
pro fear to the main generals reacted once with indecision
and passivity initiate the rebellion. Mola occupied
Pamplona with the help of the requetés, Queijo
of Flat Seville and part of Andalusia and Cabanellas
Zaragoza. In Madrid and Barcelona the rebellion could
be suffocated.
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigned the same day 18 and
Azaña it named Diego Martínez Neighborhood
to put an end to the rebellion although he resigned
the following day. Azaña named José Giral
the 19 of Julio and he/she gave the weapons to the organizations
and faithful unions to the Republic.
Between the 17 and the 20 of Julio it was evidenced
the failure of the pronouncement and the division of
the army and of the territory. This way the two decree,
you republican against the rebels (nationalist), they
faced in a civil war.
The rebels controlled the North of Castile and León
(rural), Galicia, Navarrese, great part of Aragon and
of western, Balearic Andalusia, Canaries and the Moroccan
protectorate.
On the other hand the republicans controlled the Basque
country (except Álava), Castile the New one and
Madrid, good part of Extremadura and oriental Andalusia
(less Granada) besides the mediterranean fringe from
Catalonia to Málaga.
The republican territory counted although it was divided
with industrial and urban nuclei besides the gold of
the Bank of Spain. The fleet was in hands of the republic
next to half of the troops although they didn't have
the fidelity on behalf of the officials.
The rebelled decree had the main area cerealista and
militarily with most of the generals and half of the
members of the army besides the army of África
(47.000 troops)
It was of hoping France that was governed by the Popular
Front supported to the government of the republic but
the pressure of the public opposition and of the Britons
he/she made that a politics of neutrality adopted to
avoid to break the weak balance of the two controls
although they allowed the step of weapons.
In 1936 you creó in London the Committee of Non
Intervention with which 27 countries committed to not
selling weapons to Spain although Italy, Germany and
Portugal continued helping the rebels.
United States approved the seizure Law that impeded
the export of warlike material but it allowed to American
companies to give to the rebelled Spain.
At the request of the rebels Hitler ordered the immediate
German help, although it was hidden in commercial shippings
to avoid political problems. The thick of the Germans
resided in the aviation, but they also sent numerous
military material as artillery, tanks and transmission
teams. You creó the Legion Condor with volunteers
of the German army. The cost of the German help was
calculated in 400 million dollars.
The Italian contribution was more numerous but less
more effective and they participated in all the actions
of the war. They participated those the CTV, body of
voluntary troops, more the naval air support and the
warlike equipment. The Portuguese pro-Fascist régime
with Salazar like president contributed logistical help
as his ports or communications besides 20000 volunteers.
They also had the support of the army of África.
Apart from the symbolic support of the government from
Mexico the republicans received the only support of
the Soviet Union that provided weapons and foods. This
help allowed them to save Madrid and sheep an offensive
although the helps arrived in a discontinuous way for
the closing of opposite. The Republic paid its purchases
with the reservations of gold of the Bank of Spain.
Another help of great moral value was the 6 international
Brigades with about 40.000 men of 50 countries.
For the development of the war he/she had a great importance
the step for the peninsula of the army of África
through the Strait with the sea and air help of Germany
and Italy. These troops eliminated the resistance of
Badajoz and they arrived in Toledo to liberate to a
hundred of military retained in the Fortress by the
republicans. The republicans failed in their intent
of conquering Balearic and they were not able to occupy
the capitals of Aragon.
Although the main objective was to conquer Madrid both
controls they tried to consolidate positions. Mola tried
to conquer Madrid for the North one but he/she was not
able to and but it takes they besieged Madrid with what
the government moved to Valencia and he left in Madrid
to the General Miaja with a meeting of Defense that
organized the military operations next to the popular
militias, the International Brigades and the first Russian
warlike material.
The rebels tried to cut the communications of Madrid
but they were defeated in Jarama and Guadalajara. In
Andalusia they were able to control málaga and
to safeguard Granada.
Franco obtentó the position of Generalissimo
of the armies and he/she concentrated the warlike effort
on the north where there were many industries. Mola
had conquered Sans Sebastian and the Basque-French frontier
for what the republicans could not receive warlike material.
In the spring of 1937 the rebels threw a great offensive
on the Basque country with the help of the legion Condor
with the bombing of Guernica and Durango. After the
death of Mola in an air accident the general Sancho
Dávila and Bilbao took June 19. In August the
Italian troops and Navarrese took Santander with which
you/they passed Asturias with a bloody resistance with
what the republicans lost a vital area.
The republicans threw several offensives in the battle
of you Polish yourself in the center and that of Belchite
in Aragon to try to take Zaragoza that you/they failed.
To try to brake a possible offensive on Madrid the republicans
they carried out in December of 1937 an offensive on
Teruel that were able to conquer but that they lost
at the little time with a great warlike waste for them.
With this success Franco monopolized more power and
it undertook an advance on the Ebro. It attacked to
the front of Aragon and Lleida took and they arrived
in the Mediterranean with what you/they divided the
republican territory in two parts.
The republicans threw a great offensive in the Ebro
with the objective of stopping the advance Catalonia
it has more than enough and Balearic and to be able
to propitiate a negotiated peace. The republican army
had been reinforced of its losses with many soldiers
and resources in the French frontier. The Ebro crossed
and they wrapped to the enemy one but they could not
continue for the great number of soldiers rebels and
with 50% of low and the destroyed equipment and they
were refolded leaving the one on the way to Catalonia
and Valencia you suck the rebels. At the end of 1938
the Committee of Non Intervention got the retreat of
the foreign volunteers.
After the victory of the Ebro the bombings were intensified
Catalonia it has more than enough with the objective
of their occupation that was quick and he/she didn't
almost find resistance, falling in January Tarragona
and Barcelona. With the fall of Catalonia he/she crumbled
the republic with that that Manuel Azaña and
people's thousands crossed the frontier toward the exile.
Negrín tried to resist to ultranza in Madrid
that maintained the initial positions but France and
Great Britain they recognized Franco's government with
what Azaña resigned and the internal confrontations
exploded with a coup d'etat for the republicans that
Franco didn't accept. The internal fight of the republicans
was stained and the Married Colonel gave Madrid March
28 with what Franco declared the end of the war April
1 1939.
The war supposed an important demographic invoice. On
one hand the impact in human losses was considerable,
he/she is considered that you kill them of the war they
overcame the means million of people including dead
in combat. Also, it was necessary to count those executed
by the winners after the war that you/they would not
get off the 50.000 people. To these it is necessary
to add other 300000 people exiles at least mainly to
France and Latin American countries.
But as for the population it is necessary to point out
that in the years of the postwar period a stagnation
took place and even the urban population's setback due
to the dismantlement of the industrial economy and of
services and to the necessity of looking for the necessity
to look for the subsistence in rural areas.
They were the most important from the historical point
of view. A military dictatorship that would be prolonged
during 40 years with the loss of political freedoms
and the persecution in any way of dissidence settled
down. The law of political responsibilities of 1939
sent to the jails and concentration fields to all the
combatants in the republican decree that not you exiliaron,
being calculated that still in the year 1945 remained
imprisoned because of the war about 100.000 Spaniards.
In many cases their condemnations included forced works,
construction of railroads. Highways, reconstruction
of public works, construction of the valley of the deads…
The régime was a police state mainly.
Most of the sources of the culture that you/they had
supported the republic was annihilated or they went
to the exile. 90% of the intellectuals you exiliaron,
the generation of the 27 almost to the complete one.
As for foreign policy the dictatorial character of the
régime franquista took to Spain to a situation
of commitment with the Fascist régimes that it
lasted up to 1942.
The years 4 were those “years of the hunger”.
The destruction of economic resources and infrastructures
are of very difficult calculation. The cattle raising
decreased in the war in 60% while the agricultural production
lowered in 25% approx. The public country property it
was ruined and without financial reservations. The inflation
multiplied for 10 the index of the prices in the following
decade. An economic stagnation took place during the
whole decade so that he/she didn't recover the level
of rent of 1935 until the decade of the years 50. On
the other hand Spain could not benefit of the American
helps for the reconstruction of Europe 1947 for the
dictatorial régime and the rising international
isolation that it caused the dictatorship.
With
the explosion of the war the power republican dares
it broke into fragments and the social revolution arrived
to good apart from the territory. This weakens the authority
of the republic, it hindered the control and the address
of the war.
To the distribuírsele the weapons to the popular
organizations in the republican decree a revolutionary
process was unchained and being possible distributed
in different parts. This hindered the military operations.
In some areas this military power the CNT-FAI monopolized
it and in Catalonia it was the Committee of Antifascist
Militias. They organized the civic life in the rearguard
with the supply of the public order. They took charge
of the repression against suspects with a great anticlericalism.
The socioeconomic revolution carried out several changes
like the variation of the collectivization of the field
where many lands were condemned and experiences of liberal
communism were created for the production. The unions
and workers took the control of the companies and starting
from 1936 the government intervened directly in the
industries.
In September the government of Giral resigned and he
was formed a coalition presided over by Francisco Gentleman
that was formed by socialists, communist, republican,
regionalistas Release and for the first time for the
CNT that had two minister with what you/they tried to
centralize the warlike actions. For this the powers
of the revolutionary organisms were clipped and the
provincial and municipal advice were created.
The State was reorganized bigger than the Army and they
became unified the militias. The nucleus of the Popular
Army was constituted this way. But many differences
existed among the different tendencies that evidenced
multiple conflicts among anarchists and communist that
they culminated in Barcelona when a group of communists
tried to take possession of the building of Telefónica.
As consequence of this Long Gentleman's government fell
and they consolidated the communist positions in the
State.
The socialist Juan Negrín formed in May of 1937
a concentration government that reconstructed the authority
of the State, it paralyzed the collectivizations and
the economy was nationalized creating an industry of
war. The Popular Army was made a reality with the colonel
Red Vicente to the control introducing the discipline.
The failure of this Army in the campaign of Aragon caused
a crisis in the government but Negrín supported
by the communists and with the trust of a favorable
international situation to the republic propugnó
a resistance politics.
To get the international support the government creó
in May of 1938 a program of 13 points with the bases
the war and the political principles of the republic
of the future that he/she had few repercussions to conclude.
The disasters of the front and the continuation of the
war caused a shortage of subsistences and you criticize
them against Negrín and you began to incline
the government for the end of the war.
Before the division of the political forces the Army
was the only institution able to create a new State.
You creó a Meeting of National Defense presided
over by Cabanellas and where Mola, Franco and Queijo
of Plain that it assumed administrative and military
functions that it proclaimed the state of war highlighted
and the opposition began against the authorities of
the republican régime.
In October Franco was named Generalissimo of the national
forces and boss of the State government with l oque
he/she began to call himself commander from Spain.
In 1938 Franco the process of political restructuring
culminated with the Law of Central Administration of
the State that granted him all the rights and it consolidated
an authoritarian dictatorship of Fascist court. A government
formed with military and civil and he carried out a
legislative work that annulled the republican work what
was very significant and the restitution of of the goods
and rights of the Church.
It prohibited all the unions and creó the vertical
union. It also promulgated the law of Press and printing
and the Law of Political responsibilities with what
could stop those that had fought for the republican
cause and it controlled the ideology of the republican
areas. Also creó a law to be able to abolish
the Catalan governments and Basque for the defense of
the unit of Spain.
With all this creó an authoritarian state that
it was consolidating during the war and that later he/she
would become an almost 40 year-old dictatorship.
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