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After
the fall of Primo of Rivera, The general Berenguer wanted
to return to the later situation to the Dictatorship and
the constitution of 1876, but the internal problems of
the dynastic parties and the social uneasiness caused
the cohesion of the antimonarchical opposition.
August 17 the republican parties and regionalistas signed
San Sebastian's Pact with which you/they impelled a revolutionary
political movement that overthrows the monarchy by means
of a helped armed insurrection of popular mobilizations
and establishes a republic.
That armed movement was a failure, the insurrection it
was repressed in its center in Pony and the popular mobilization
didn't end up being summoned. But this didn't avoid the
crisis of the Government of Berenguer neither the uneasiness
against the régime.
For all these events the government was forced to summon
some municipal elections where the women voted and he
thought about for the opposition like a consultation to
favor or against a republic where in spite of the electoral
fraud the republican-socialists triumphed.
Before these results the king XIII Alfonso opted for exile
and April 14 1931 the Republic it was proclaimed in several
cities. Niceto Alcalá Zamora Proclaimed it for
all Spain from Madrid constituting a Provisional government.
The
provisional government began a series of urgent reformations
in the social and military environments that were developed
later in the first government of the Republic. A legislation
began to improve the labor situation of the peasants and
you began to plan the educational reformation. The army
was also reformed to assure its loyalty to the Republic.
It always existed on one hand an opposition of the army
and of the economic oligarchy. But mainly they had the
opposition of the Church that didn't accept the lay conception
of the State that you/they had the republicans. With this
many convents burned. Neither they had a total bench of
the proletariat that taenia in their expectations an express
allotment of lands.
The
deep economic crisis of the years 30 and the peak of the
authoritarian political régimes didn't favor the
stabilization of the II Republic. In Europe they began
feeling the effects of the economic crisis caused by the
crack of the Bag of New Cork 1929 but in Spain he/she
didn't have so much effect for the economic backwardness.
The external trade and the foreign investments were the
sectors more affected with what the unemployment was increased.
With what you/they became worse the social tensions.
Besides this, the totalitarianisms proliferated in Europe
(Fascist and communes), some were influenced by the Soviet
régime and others for the Italian fascism and the
German nazism, lso which hindered the survival of the
republic.
After
the elections of 1931 (genuinely democratic Primeras without
caciquism) the parliament had a majority republican-socialist
with a government presided over by Manuel Azaña
and where it was ratified Alcalá Zamora like president
of the Republic. This government continued with the provisional
government's work making important reformations and a
new constitution.
He
had a strong influences of other European and American
constitutions. It would be in vigor from December 9 1931
up to April 1 1939. He/she had a marked democratic and
progressive character and it would define to the Spanish
State as “A republic of workers of all class that
is organized in régime of freedom and justice emanating
the power of the town”
It established the following Principles:
• is Been it is Configured in way “Integral”,
compatible with the autonomy of the municipalities and
of the regions. He/she has spirit federalist, because
although the government's structure was unitary it recognized
the autonomies.
• The legislative power resided fully in the courts
constituted by a single camera: the camera of the chosen
deputies every four years for universal vote. The vote
was secret and it was enlarged the woman. The age of the
voters spent from 25 to 23 years.
• The executive power relapsed in the council of
Ministers and in the president of the Republic chosen
by the congress of the deputies.
• Contemplated the possibility of forced expropriation
of any type of property by reason of social utility, by
means of compensation and also the one settled down of
socializing the public services.
• Guaranteed the freedoms of:
- It presses
- Association
- Teaching
- Meeting
- Religion
- The social rights and politicians as much for men as
for women.
• The most polemic articles the relating ones went
to the religious freedom. He articulates 3 of the constitution
he/she said: “The Spanish State doesn't have official
religion.”
• Settled down:
• The separation between the Church and the State.
• The breakup of the religious orders.
• The nationalization of the goods of this religious
orders
• To the religious orders that you/they didn't go
faithful to the Republic they were prohibited to exercise
activities related with the trade or the teaching and
I eat any citizen or company was forced to pay taxes.
• was suppressed the budget of the clergy and of
the Catholic cults.
The constitution didn't get the consent of all the political
forces and it showed the deep discrepancies between the
right and the left mainly in those with respect to the
religious and autonomous question The most conservative
Catholic sectors opposed you to the non confesionalidad
of the State.
The Anticlericalism of these articles put to the public
opinion against the republic. The problem of this constitutional
text was its leftist contained excess. The right, and
in general the conservatives, didn't accept it leaning
on in that it didn't obey the majority opinion of the
country. The conservatives considered it as an attack
to the religious freedom. The approval of the religious
articles of the constitution caused the resignation of
the government's Catholic sectors that was solved with
changes in the army.
Besides
the limitations that the constitution of 1931 granted
to the Church several laws they were approved to limit
the power of the Church like the breakup of Jesus' company
or the divorce, the civil marriage and the secularización
of the cemeteries. In 1933 the law of Congregations was
approved. The Church joined against the republic and they
defended its interests
It
was necessary for profesionalizar the army and to assure
their fidelity to the Republic. With the law of Azaña
1931 (technically perfect) the voluntary retirement was
allowed, the general captaincies and the military Academy
of Zaragoza were suppressed (directed by the general Franco),
one believes the Watch you Assault and he/she decreased
in one year the military service. These reformations were
limited by the budget lack.
In
1932 with the Law of Agrarian Reformation with the objective
of the expropriation of the latifundios that you/they
were not cultivated by their extension and the lease of
the peasants that didn't have anything in those lands,
was tried to eliminate the latifundismo and to create
a class of small proprietors that facilitates the modernization
of the agriculture. He/she tried to improve the situation
of the farmers, to improve the field and to improve the
yield. It applied it the Institute of Agrarian reformation
(ANGER) that he/she gave the lands to the provincial Meetings
so that it distributed them.
He/she had an effective application for the opposition
of the affected proprietors, the complexity of the law,
the budget lack and the technical lacks.
The
work Secretary dictated measures to improve the labor
situation (A lot of unemployment) although there was not
an effective plan to combat the unemployment. It was also
tried to reform the education in a country of illiterate:
they were gone up the salary to the teachers, a pedagogic
project was impelled and the Pedagogic Missions were created
to take the culture to the rural world. The obligatoriedad
of the religious teaching was also suppressed but the
lack of funds made difficult this reformation.
The
Republic was an occasion so that the historical nationalities
claim their autonomies and they criticized the political
centralism of the restoration.
In Catalonia, in 1931 the Catalan republic was proclaimed
in a federal mark with what was forced the provisional
government to negotiate an autonomous government. With
the Statute of Nuria it was recognized the self-determination
right and the Catalan as only official language. In 1932
the Cortes a very clipped Statute of Autonomy and Francesc
approved Maciá he/she was elected President of
the Generalitat.
In the Basque country the Statute of Estella was elaborated
in 1931 based on the recovery of the statutory privileges
and the defense of the Catholicism. The republican government
rejected it pro his conservatism and until the arrival
of a government of left, in 1936 to the republic, it was
not approved.
In Galicia the Statute of autonomy was presented once
to the Cortes initiate the civil war with l oque could
not be discussed. They also began in valency, Aragon,
Balearic and Andalusia other autonomous initiatives that
were braked by the civil war.
The
reformist biennium was threatened from the beginning by
the opposition of the right and for the radical left.
The monarchic right carried out a military rebellion directed
by the general Sanjurjo (1932) (San Jurjada) taking advantage
of the public disorders and the uneasiness although the
government could suffocate it. Also you creó GIVES
it directed by Gil Oaks that carried out a campaign of
I discredit for the government and the parties of the
left.
The extreme left, the CNT opposed herself to the bourgeois
reformismo and propugnaba the liberal revolution. The
UGT also arrived to the radicalización.
The social agitation was in increase and the rural insurrections
were the most serious facts as that of Castiblanco or
Old Houses, because there was many latifundios at home
old and great part without cultivating. The hard and irregular
police performance discredited the government and it indignated
to the public opinion.
Because
of the social conflicts and of the campaign of I discredit
against the government of the right and the radical party
the elections of 1933 they supposed a great advance for
the radicals and right-wing.
The President of the Republic Alcalá Zamora moved
away his trust to Azaña that had to resign, summoning
general elections. The right you coaligaron the agrarian
ones and monarchists in it GIVES it with the defense of
the property, the religion and the social order. The results
gave a wide majority to the right.
GIVE
it of Gil Oaks he/she had to have the Radical Party of
Lerroux to govern with majority. The differences enter
these two parties they caused a great government uncertainty.
Among December of 1933 until October of 1934 Lerroux was
government's boss in spite of the electoral results before
the negative of Alcalá Zamora of giving the power
to it GIVES it, until it GIVES it it governed starting
from October of 1934.
This biennium radical-cedista it was characterized by
the political conservatism and the annulment of the social,
economic and autonomous reformations of the previous period
by what was called as the “Black Biennium.”
This
government's general aspects were:
• Approval of a law of Amnesty that allowed the
rebels of Sanjurjo to occupy military important positions
contrary to the republic.
• was repealed the law of Congregations with that
that the Church to return to the schools and to recover
part of its goods.
• Revision of the agrarian reformation suppressing
the laws and ordinances.
• Confrontation with the Generalitat of Catalonia
and they opposed you to the approval of the Basque Statute.
Basically alone we can see three positive performances
in this period: the law of leases
With the control of the reformations and the economic
crisis the social agitation increased.
The agrarian politics caused you number you you peasants
for the unions. The government's attitude antiautonómica
caused constant confrontations and tensions in Catalonia
and the Basque country. With the entrance of it GIVES
it in 1934 to the power with Gil Oaks the movement he/she
believed that he/she would try to destroy the Republic
like he/she had made Hitler in Germany.
At this time the UGT didn't collaborate with the left
and the communists made an approach to the socialists
entering in the Labor Alliance.
October 5 1934 the labor organizations summoned a general
strike with an irregular pursuit that I fail for the coordination
lack and that it was repressed by the government that
declared the state of war.
In Catalonia Companys declared the Catalan State inside
the Spanish Federal Republic. But the lack of supports
and the intervention of the army frustrated the rebellion
and the autonomous government's members were imprisoned
and the suspended Statute.
In Asturias the strike became a social revolution when
the Labor Alliance next to other groups took the power
of Oviedo and of the mining basin for two weeks. The army
and the legion to the general Franco's control squashed
the movement almost causing thousand died.
The revolution was liquidated with a hard repression with
many imprisoned by what the society leaned more to support
to the ideologies of left.
All
the facts of the repression more the attitude of the Employer
ones accentuated the tendency of the left of uniting in
defense of the lost rights. On the other hand in during
1935 the government had a more reactionary politics and
it allowed to the Fascist right to act freely against
the left. These confrontations caused a growing social
division influenced by the international situation, since
in the years 30 the European fascisms had bequeathed to
the power like an alternative to the crisis of the liberal
democracies and as a means of containing the advance of
the communism.
Against the advance of the fascism you creó a Popular
Front for the European communist parties to unite the
liberal forces and of left against the fascism. Inside
this climate of tension the conservative government inmerso
was seen in a serious crisis by scandals of corruption
that you/they forced Lerrouz to resign and they collapsed
to the radical party.
At the end of 1935 the president Alcalá Zamora
cucumber like boss of the center government to Carries
it Fences that it summoned elections.
For
these elections several political groups they signed a
pact with the objective of being presented together to
the elections like the Popular Front. On the other hand
the right had problems to unite. The electoral campaign
was extremely aggressive and it showed the division of
Spain in two antagonistic blocks. The popular Front got
the victory and reemprendió the reformist task
of the first biennium.
The
Government was presided over by Azaña and it had
members of the Republican Left and the Republican Union
that had the support of socialists and communist. Alcalá
Zamora continued being president of the Republic until
May of 1936 when it was deprived by the Cortes and it
was elected Azaña like president of the Republic
and Casares Quiroga like government's boss. The Popular
Front began its work applying its electoral program:
• was restored the suspended public positions
• was restored the Generalitat of Catalonia
• began the procedure of the Statutes of autonomy
of the Basque country and Galicia
• was readmitted the discharged workers and represaliados
by political or union activities
• The educational reformation received a new impulse
• the agrarian reformation was Also renewed with
a series of measures as the suspension of the payment
of leases, the prohibition of ousters for unpaid and the
legalization of the busy lands spontaneously for the peasants.
With this the peasants grow impatient they began to occupy
lands and the government legalized these lands for the
peasants.
In
spite of the pact of the Popular Front two different tendencies
existed inside him; those in favor of the democratic reformismo
and those in favor of a revolutionary process.
After the elections I Release gentleman it imposed a revolutionary
strategy in the PSOE, the UGT and the Socialist Youths,
The communist party defended the support to the republican
government and the CNT it continued impelling the revolutionary
movements. With these attitudes the revolutionary performances
of a sector of the left and the climate of tension are
explained that loosened.
The conservative sectors of the society of they alarmed
before this reformist politics and they supported to it
GIVES it and to the National Block that you/they formed
a true contrapoder by means of the insurrection against
the left.
The government was unable to brake the hairspring of violence
with what the democratic balance was destabilized.
In the spring of 1936 the violence was intensified by
both sides. For the National Block and the Falange was
a means to destabilize the régime. For this they
had the support of some military ones of the Spanish Military
Union that you/they prepared a conspiracy although the
government took from Madrid to suspicious generals moving
away them between them although the rebellion it continued
being organized.
In this atmosphere of tension Bald J. Sotelo was murdered
detonating a military blow the 17 of Julio 1936 that it
ended in a civil war when failing.
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