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Antonio
Maura and Montaner (1853-1925), Spanish politician,
the government's president in five occasions during
XIII Alfonso's reign, and boss of the Conservative Party
as well as of a later division of the same one.
He was born in Palm of Majorca May of 1853, 2 in the
breast of a family of small local bourgeoisie. He/she
studied the career of laws in Madrid, in the time of
the Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874), and, from very soon,
already initiate the Restoration and XII Alfonso's reign,
began to highlight as a notable lawyer in their brother-in-law's
office and outstanding member of the Liberal Party,
Germán Gamazo, of which became one of the main
collaborators.
FIRST MINISTERIAL POSITIONS
In August of 1881 it began their political career in
the liberal lines of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta when
being chosen per time first deputy. Five years later,
already under María's regency Cristina of Habsburgo-Lorena,
passed to exercise the function of vice-president of
the Congress of the Deputies and you/he/she highlighted
for her defense of the installation of the jury. Sagasta
named him minister of Overseas in December of 1892.
As such, he/she tried to improve the administration
of the Asian colonies (Philippines) and Antillean (Cuba
and Puerto Rico), as well as to brake the advances of
the independentistas by means of the concession from
the autonomy to these last ones, without their projects
could be carried out by the lack of support parliamentarian,
even inside their own party. It was raised in Overseas
in the month of March of 1894, and from November of
that year until March of 1895 occupied also, inside
the same government, the wallet of Grace and Justice.
He became one of the most outstanding representatives
in the regeneracionismo after the crisis of 1898, motivated
by the defeat in the Guerra Hispanic-American and the
rising loss of the ultramarine colonies. It outlined
the necessity of reformations juridical radicals in
the political institutions of the Restoration that it
was characterized by the administrative corruption and
the falsehood of the electoral processes. With this
end, it defended the existence of a strong and effective
government that could carry out those juridical reformations
(the call “revolution from above”).
After the exit of the Liberal Party of Gamazo and their
death in 1901, Maura passed to head its followers that
were integrated in the Conservative Party that Francisco
directed Silvela. In December of 1902 it was named by
this (that the second later government presided over
to the access to most of the king's age XIII Alfonso)
minister of Government and he tried to eliminate the
irregularities in the elections, prohibiting the intervention
of the government's agents in the same ones. However,
during the acting of that position that was prolonged
until July of 1903, it was not able to put an end to
the phenomenon of the caciquism.
MAIN CONSERVATIVE POLITICIAN
After Francisco's retreat Silvela, became the new boss
of the conservatives. December of 1903, 5 XIII Alfonso
took charge him the government's presidency. One of
their first measures belonged the organization of the
first official trip from the King to Barcelona, as answer
to the agitations of anarchists and republican in the
Count City that was a success for the king's figure,
although Maura was wounded in an attack. The King's
interference in government's matters gave place to its
presidential resignation by the middle of December of
the following year.
It returned again to head a government January of 1907,
25 and it carried out a wide legislative work, in which
highlighted the electoral Law of August of that year
8, the Law of strikes, the modernization of the Marina
of war and the project of reformation of the local administration
that, for their character descentralizador, it got the
support of some sectors of the Catalan nationalism although
finally their approval was not achieved in the Cortes.
In foreign policy, it promoted the approach to France
and Great Britain like half of assuring the Spanish
interests in Morocco. Their government must face with
serious problems of public order that culminated in
the Tragic Week of Barcelona, during the summer of 1909.
The shooting of Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia, accused
of being the main instigator, caused a hard campaign
against Maura inside of and outside of Spain that caused
his fall at the end of October of that year.
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