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Phases:
1875-1885 - reign of XII Alfonso
1885-1902 - regency of Mª Cristina from Austria
1902-1931 - reign of XIII Alfonso
1923-military blow of Primo of Rivera
Military dictatorship (1923-1931)
Proclamation of the IIª Republic
The instigator of a new Régime was Antonio Cánovas
of the what a Castle it organized a liberal monarchic
system (Although not democratic) whose bases settled down
and they consolidated during the XII Alfonso's reign and
María's Regency Cristina.
In the year 1874 the General Martínez Campos gave
a coup d'etat that clamored XII Alfonso as king. Cánovas
of the Castle was the one in charge of implanting a liberal
but not democratic monarchy in Spain.
The prince Alfonso signed a manifesto where it expressed
the political objectives that will carry out; and he/she
also manifested that the only solution for the problems
that he/she had Spain was the restoration of the Bourbon
monarchy. The prince was in Sandhurst, militarily, and
the manifesto was written by Cánovas of the Castle
(leader of the party alfonsista).
The bases of the system canovista were the Constitution
of 1876 and the political bipartisanship that would govern
previous agreement.
The
military pacification of Spain was a necessity to be able
to implant the system. In the year 1876 were possible
the third Carlist war that had been liberating in the
Basque country, to conclude Navarrese, Catalonia and the
Maestrazgo. This war had a great human cost a financier
and it supposed the abolition of the Basque and Navarrese
jurisdictions. In 1878 the Peace of Zanjón was
signed that put end to the Cuban insurrection, granting
Cuba its administrative Autonomy. One of the basic points
was to remove the pronouncements and the importance of
the military ones.
Many
politicians political parties and the loyalists existed
to the Crown they were two (Dynastic Party), these two
are those that took turns in the power while all the other
ones were excluded.
• Moderate Party: led by Cánovas. To him
the aristocrats and landowners belonged.
• Liberal Party: led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta.
To him they belonged the progressive of the previous stage
and the bourgeoisie.
The ideological and political differences between both
parties were minimum: more concerned for the social reformations
and for the education the liberal, and more authoritarian
and defenders of the order and the established values
the conservatives.
The
most urgent work in the Restoration was to endow to the
country of a new Constitution that substituted that of
1869. The elaboration of this Constitution was commended
to a commission of personalities of very different political
ideology. The Constitution of 1876 was located in an intermediate
place between the moderate Constitution of 1845 and the
democratic one of 1869. He/she sought to give space in
her to the main political tendencies of the country. He/she
wanted to put remedy to the wrong that they suffered of
the other previous Constitutions that were only valid
for the party that was in the power. He/she understood
two fundamental parts:
• One of doctrinal character, where the individual
rights settled down coinciding in many aspects with the
Constitution of 1869, what gave him a progressive liberal
configuration: personal security, inviolability of the
home, residence freedom, of conscience, of meeting, teaching,...
• The second part established the elements of the
political mechanism. It was a faithful reflection of the
Constitution of 1845, what gave him a conservative aspect.
In the preamble it granted big attributions to the crown.
He/she affirmed that:
or The sovereignty is shared between the Cortes and the
King. It restored the doctrinal principle of the Constitution
of 1845.
or The executive power relapsed in the king that exercised
it through the government.
or The legislative power relapsed in the king together
with the Cortes. To the king he/she was also attributed
the capacity to sanction the laws and right to veto. It
could also summon and to suspend the courts.
The Cortes were composed of two cameras:
or Senate: that it was elitist when being formed by privileged
minorities. Their members were chosen in the following
way: some for popular election, others were vitalicios
and they were chosen by the crown, and others for own
right (big taxpayers).
or Congress whose deputies were chosen by the voters to
a deputy's reason for each 50000 inhabitants.
The discussed article was the 11 that it tried on the
confesionalidad of the State. In principle,
the religious plurality settled down, but before the pressure
of the Vatican and the ecclesiastical hierarchies, the
Catholic settled down as official religion of the State,
although the practice of other cults was allowed. He/she
was also allowed to the Church to exercise the control
of the Education in the Teaching.
A complement of the Constitution was the electoral law
of 1878, that was of type censitario, as long as he/she
only voted the population's 5%. The system introduced
a democratic element when implanting in 1890 the masculine
universal vote, for which you/they were entitled to vote
all the men bigger than 25 years.
The
political system of the Restoration was based on the political
turnismo, that is to say, the Dynastic parties made a
pact the access to the Crown. Although it was a democratic
system an electoral fraud it existed.
The Caciques were the key for the system, which possessed
a lot of power on a lot of people (Since this whole people
depended on them). The Caciques coerced and they bought
the vote. This movement proceeded in Andalusia in the
agrarian areas. They were the big landowners. They dominated
the social life of the rural areas and they manipulated
the votes of the peasants.
The oligarchy was formed by members of the high bourgeoisie
and the aristocracy that monopolized the political positions-administrative
and the benches of the Cortes.
Mechanism for the elections:
Every so often the government settled down how party had
to govern. The election was made from top to bottom. The
government chose and it elaborated a list with the deputies
that had to leave elects (The one Classified) and also,
other names of the opposition. In the rural areas, the
splints were sent to the cacique that forced to vote certain
people. In the cities the electoral results were faked.
It
reigned with 17 years by means of Martínez's military
pronouncement Campos. This reign was characterized because
the King didn't intervene in the political life of the
country (it reigned but it didn't govern), that made there
to be a government stability. The party that governed
was the conservative of Cánovas, which carry out
the military Pacification, elaborated the Constitution
of 1876 and he/she carried out the establishment of the
Restoration in Spain.
Alfonso married Mª. of the Mercedes that died to
the few months, fact that the king never overcame. He/she
married Mª. Cristina from Austria, with who had two
daughters and, later, to the future XIII Alfonso whose
father had died when he was born.
• was edited the Constitution of 1876, with what
many freedoms were clipped (expression, vote, class...)
• One of their ideals was the administrative Centralization
to be able to apply oneself body of laws to the whole
Spanish territory. With what was edited the Code of Trade
and the Civil Code.
• The city councils lost their functions and they
were controlled by the government.
• was gotten the military pacification.
Among the year 1881 and 1883 went up to the power the
liberal party of Sagasti with which the political turnismo
of the two dynastic parties began, this it reestablished
the freedom of Class, that of expression (Law of press
of 1883) and that of Association and Meeting. He/she was
formed a commission of social reformations to study the
situation of the hard-working classes and although it
didn't put concrete measures, he/she was the First government
that worried about the labor aspects.
The foreign policy was guided to the defense: thanks to
the Pope's mediation and of the Santa Headquarters, the
Islands Carolinas were returned to Spain because they
had been invaded by Germany. This demanded economic agreements
and it implanted commercial bases in the islands.
XII Alfonso died in 1885 and his wife happened him that
acted of Regent up to 1902, year in that she takes the
crown XIII Alfonso. During the regency, the liberal ascend
to the power, from 1885 up to 1890. Cánovas went
who proposed to Mª. Cristina that governs the liberal.
To
XII Alfonso's death it was their second wife, Mª
Cristina of Habsburgo who assumed the crown with the help
of the dynastic parties. These signed the Pact of the
Brown one, with which you/they committed to respect the
political turnismo and to maintain the legislative measures
approved by both governments. Mª Cristina gave the
power to the liberal of Sagasta that governed from 1885
up to 1890 (call long Parliament), those that carried
out several reformations in the social life and politics:
• was elaborated a new commercial code; the established
laws were upgraded and they were applied to the economic
liberalism (1885)
• New civil code: the farmers' rights and peasants
(1889).
• Creó the Law of Asociaones (1887) that
favored the development of the dynastic parties and the
labor asocianismo
• was abolished the slavery in Cuba.
• was implanted the masculine Universal Vote (that
was limited by the electoral fraud).
• put on against the military reformations, to the
political particularisms and the Independence of Cuba.
In 1890 the Conservatives ascend to the power, what supposed
the turn of an economy protective that favored the interests
of the industrial Catalan and Basque, he/she didn't pay
attention to the social problems and the antiterrorist
law was promulgated (for the Anarchists). In 1891 up to
1895 they are the liberal in the power and reformando.Desde
follows 1895 up to 1897 the conservadores.En they return
1897 Cánovas of the Castle it is murdered by Anjolillo
(anarchist) in Guipúzcoa. In 1897 the liberal ascend
and they get lost the colonies.
In foreign policy there were not big companies. The governments
were limited to approach the serious colonial conflicts.
Defeated
militarily in 1876 it was not able to recover so much
importance as previously, for the support of the Vatican
and the Catholic Hierarchies to XII Alfonso. The Carlism
became an ideological movement that was given mainly in
the Basque country and Navarrese. Two tendencies existed:
• Integrists: Their leader was Ramón Nocedal,
it criticized Carlos' liberalism VII and they were in
favor of the Catholicism.
Traditionalist •: Headed by Vásquez of Jag
it sought the organization of the Country in Autonomies
for not putting in danger the unit of Spain. They requested
a change in the constitution that gave as official religion
of the State the Catholic.
Taking advantage of the Law of Associations and the masculine
universal vote the traditionalist ones was organized as
Political Party and they obtained some benches in 1896
The
Republicans were not able to recover of the failure of
the 1ª republic. They grouped in different currents:
• Federalists: Led by Francisco Pi i Margall they
had a socialist posture.
• Unionists: Led by Nicolás Salmerón
they formed the centralist party (1891), in favor of the
territorial union and the Politics of the State.
• Radicals: Led by Ruiz Zorrilla, they formed the
progressive republican Party. They were in favor of the
armed fight and they carried out several insurrections.
• Posibilistas: Group minority conservative led
by Emilio to Avoid that but he/she takes a long time it
integrated in the Liberal Party.
The Federalitas and Unionists united their forces in 1893
in the Republican Union with the purpose of getting
an increase of their electoral weight, although they didn't
consolidate up to 1903.
The
regionalisms arose like a reaction to the political centralism
and they claimed the cultural identity of a region. Their
objective is the political decentralization of that region.
If it demands high bench marks of autonomy he/she calls
himself Nationalism. The most important were those of
Catalonia, Basque country, Galicia and Andalusia. In Valencia
and Andalusia failed this movement for the lack of a bourgeoisie
that supports it.
In
the years 1830 the low Renaixenca was born the Romanticism
and he/she had as objective the recovery of the signs
of identity of Catalonia. The first political formulations
were given by Valentí Almirall. In the Year 1880
summoned the first Catalan congress with the purpose of
unifying two different tendencies to get the Catalan Independence.
This encouraged with the creation of the Catalan Center
that had the objective of making aware to the Catalan
society of the benefits of the Autonomy for Catalonia.
In 1882 Valentí Almirall and the Catalan Center
edited the brief of Greuges, with which the Identity of
Catalonia was claimed. This proposal had introduced it
previously to XII Alfonso. This project federalist failed
and another more conservative project, the Catalanist
Union was born in 1891 that elaborated the Bases of Manresa
that settled in:
• The achievement of the autonomy
• The defense of the public positions for the Catalan.
• The defense of the Catalan's officialdom as language.
In 1891 the Voice of Catalonia is believed (newspaper)
that made a reception work to achieve the decentralization
of the state.
It
begins in the 2ª half of the XIX Century claiming
the Basque Identity. As Reaction to the measures against
the Carlists a reaction arose against the government that
claimed the language and the Basque culture and they were
against the process from Españolización
to which you/they were subjected.
Sabino Aranda configured the First Program Basque Nationalist
that defends the race, the Catholicism, lso jurisdictions,
the independence of the Congadas, the Basque, the Antiespañolismo
and the Basque constumbres. Sabino of Aranda named to
the Homeland of all the Basque as Euskadi.
En1895 was founded the PNV, ultra conservative and opposed
to the liberalism. It attacked wing Basque directing class
as to the Labor movement
The
socioeconomic backwardness that Galicia possessed as well
as its society ruralizada prevented that the Galician
Nationalism was developed. It was limited to an intellectual
minority that creó a cultural movement headed by
Rosalía of Castro that claimed the Culture and
Galician Identity
It
had not been a political opposition. It was limited to
carry out manifestations, rebellions... he/she Had two
tendencies: anarchist and socialist.
• The Anarchism was the doctrine that got a bigger
social acceptance, mainly in Andalusia and Catalonia.
They refused to participate in the Political action, they
were organized in unions, although they were frequent
the actions violent singular.
• The Socialism was founded by Pablo Churches in
1879 in the secrecy with the PSOE.
It doesn't begin to be a political force until the workers
take political conscience of opposition to the government,
when it rooted in the industrialized urban centers, where
it was difficult to manipulate the elections.
It
was governing the liberal party. Government's Systems
didn't know how to give answer to the problems that existed
in the colonies. The origin of the conflict was in:
• An inadequate colonial politics
• The Desire of expansion of the United States
The first war for the Autonomy of Cuba began in the Year
1868 with the the 10 year-old war, that finished with
the Peace of Zanjón with which the slavery was
abolished and he/she remembered a Régime of Autonomy
for the Island. The tiny war lasted use months and it
was repressed. The definitive war began in the 1895 with
José Martí like leader.
USA
had invested a lot in Cuba and he/she had a great on expectation
in its independence. In 1895 the third war begins with
the “Scream of Baire”. José Martí
is the leader. It is sent to Martínez Campos to
control the rebellion but, as he/she was not able to,
it was sent to Weyler, military that puts a strong discipline.
He/she concentrated to the peasants on the center of the
cities to avoid the guerrillas. The USA offered 300 million
dollars for the Island but Spain didn't accept them. The
Maine exploded, that made that USA gave Spain an ultimatum:
if they didn't leave Cuba in three days they would declare
the war. Spain, knowing their defeat, for not losing the
honor, he/she faced. The most important battles were that
of the Caribbean and that of Santiago from Cuba. The war
extended to Philippines and Puerto Rico. Spain requested
help to France and the Peace of Paris was signed by which
Puerto Rico, Philippines and the island of Guam were given
United States.
In
Spain the repercussions of this conflict affected mainly
to the humblest classes in the society. These also supported
since the human losses the suitable classes they got rid
of the military service by means of a payment in metallic.
The loss of the remains of the Empire produced an intense
shock in the Spanish society, politicians as Silvela talked
about a Spain without pulse, republican and socialists
that had criticized the colonial politics, intellectuals
of Angel size Ganivet and economists like Joaquín
Costa came a deep mink of the situation of Spain. The
Disaster the 98 caused:
• A crisis of the national conscience that would
be expressed through the critical work of big writers
like Unamuno, Baroja, Maeztu…, the call Generation
of the 98.
Proposed • of improvement and political modernization,
the call regeneracionismo.
• A bigger push of the nationalisms starting from
these disasters.
The colonial disaster was the starting point for the breakup
of the system of the restoration. For the opposition or
enemies of the system, the disaster demonstrated the inability
of the monarchy, the inoperancia of the parties and the
differences that existed between the center and the periphery
of Spain. The public opinion was very divided. The republicans
rejected the monarchy to be an illegitimate and inadequate
government form.
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