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XIII
Alfonso (1886-1941), king from Spain (1886-1931), last
king of Borbón's House in that country until,
in 1975, the access took place to its grandson's throne
Juan Carlos I.
Born May 17 1886 in Madrid, posthumous son of the king
XII Alfonso, fruit of the marriage of this with María
Cristina of Habsburgo-Lorena, reigned under her mother's
regency up to May of 1902, 17 and in an effective way
starting from that day (when, when turning 16 years,
you/he/she consented to most of age foreseen for the
exercise of the monarchy). she was educated to behave
as a king-soldier, in a rigid Catholic discipline and
a liberal conscience. The contact with the political
reality of the country made him see the estrangement
between the official Spain and the real Spain; of there
their zeal in connecting directly with this last one
amid the fictions of the system canovista (devised by
the conservative politician Antonio Cánovas of
the Castle and axis vertebrador of the time that he/she
gave in calling himself Restoration, of which XIII Alfonso's
own reign would be its continuation), dominated by the
caciquism.
It belonged for age and mood to the later generation
to the disaster of 1898 (it defeats in the Guerra Hispanic-American)
that wanted to regenerate Spain (of there regeneracionismo),
for that which subjected to a critical exam of conscience
all the aspects of the national life. It must confront
derived problems of the previous stage, but also others
that will arise with the new century: the social problem,
the radicalism of the labor organizations, the wars
of Morocco, the crash of the political turnismo, the
emergence of the Catalan and Basque nationalisms, and
others. It always demonstrated a tendency to intervene
personally in the politics, that which was allowed him
by the own Constitution of 1876.
2 BEGINNINGS OF THEIR REIGN
The beginning of the reign coincided with a change decisive
generacional in the situation of the dynastic parties
(the Conservative and the Liberal). Missing in 1897
and 1903, respectively, Cánovas and Práxedes
Mateo Sagasta—the main leaders of both parties—,
several politicians were disputed the leadership inside
each political formation. The renovation of political
behaviors that the country demanded had mainly two valedores:
Antonio Maura inside the conservatives and José
Canalejas for the liberal.
3 THE CRISIS OF 1917 AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
The neutrality of Spain in the I Guerra World cup (1914-1918)
he/she opened markets and it favored the economic growth,
but also the social agitation. The State didn't benefit
of this abundance. The crisis of 1917, in that you/they
united the military syndicalism (you Join Military),
the revolutionary strikes and the Catalan nationalism,
the decomposition of the political régime increased.
A national government, formed in 1918 by members of
the two main parties, also failed. The later economic
readjustment to the I Guerra World cup increased the
internal difficulties. Convulse social and regional
problems, together to the military failures in Morocco
(culminated in the call disaster of Annual of July of
1921), they increased the weakness of the governments,
unable to make in front of these situations.
4 COUSIN'S DICTATORSHIP DE RIVERA AND THE PROCLAMATION
OF THE II REPUBLIC
The military blow of Miguel Cousin of Rivera (September
13 1923) it was the solution of force adopted before
the crisis. The King accepted the fact. The dictatorship
was very welcomed by many social sectors in the first
years: it finished with the war of Morocco (landing
of Lavenders in 1925) and it developed a work of social
order and of increment of the public works. After the
definitive failure of Cousin of Rivera in 1930, XIII
Alfonso tried to restore the constitutional order (governments
of Dámaso Berenguer and John the Baptist Aznar),
but the traditional parties were resentful, and republicans,
socialists and left regionalistas (like it demonstrated
San Sebastian's 1930 Pact) they fought united against
the monarchy. The municipal elections of April 13 1931
gave the victory in the most important Spanish cities
to socialists and republican. The King, to avoid a civil
fight, abandoned the country, pronouncing his more celebrated
words: “I wait that I will return, because it
would only mean that the Spanish town is not prosperous
neither happy”. April 14 1931 the II Republic
was proclaimed.
XIII Alfonso still lived in the exile ten years. Of
their marriage with Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg,
with who had married in Madrid May 31 1906 (it dates
in the one that the regal nuptial cortege suffered an
attack perpetrated by the anarchist Mateo Haversack
that caused several deads among the assistants), he/she
had six children: Alfonso, deceased in 1938; Jaime,
deaf-mute that gave up the succession; Beatriz; Cristina;
Juan, to which successor of the dynastic rights named
July 8 1939; and Gonzalo, dead in 1934. During the Guerra
Civilian (1936-1939) he/she leaned for the rebelled
decree. Their last years it passed them in Rome, where
it died February 28 1941 (after having abdicated the
previous month in their son's person Juan) and he/she
received sepulchre. Their remains were transferred in
1980, five years after being had initiate their grandson's
reign Juan Carlos I, to the vault of the Reyes of the
Monastery of San Lorenzo of The Escorial (Madrid).
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